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Popol Vuh

  • Mar. 27th, 2007 at 11:31 AM
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The excellent Mesoweb just posted Allen Christenson's translations and transliterations of the ancient K'iche' Maya holy book Popol Vuh.  The Popul Vuh is arguably the greatest surviving pre-Columbian literary work.  It is both a book of the mythical creation of the larger Maya world as well as the history of the K'iche', one of the many Maya nations who lived in what is now Guatemala. 

If you have any interest in Native American literature, mythology, or just need something different to read, you should read it:

http://www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/index.html

I'd recommend the "English Translation" (http://www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/PopolVuh.pdf) because the author struck a balance between the original K'iche' version and a readable English translation.  Maya languages are extremely different from English, not just in terms of the vocabulary or grammar but almost in the way the world is perceived.

The Popol Vuh starts with the creation of the world, followed by four cycles of creation and destruction as the gods deemed each creation to be flawed in some way.  Then the story detours into a feud between the gods of the upperworld and of the underworld, culminating in the creation of the sun, the moon, and the symbolic rebirth of corn.  This led to the creation of the Fifth World, and the start of the K'iche' people leaving the primordial cradle of the world in a migration to the highland of Guatemala and the creation of their kingdom. 

An excerpt from the part concerning creation of the world:
THE PRIMORDIAL WORLD
    THIS IS THE ACCOUNT of when all is still silent and placid. All is silent and calm. Hushed and empty is the womb of the sky.
    THESE, then, are the first words, the first speech. There is not yet one person, one animal, bird, fish, crab, tree, rock, hollow, canyon, meadow, or forest. All alone the sky exists. The face of the earth has not yet appeared. Alone lies the expanse of the sea, along with the womb of all the sky. There is not yet anything gathered together. All is at rest. Nothing stirs. All is languid, at rest in the sky. There is not yet anything standing erect. Only the expanse of the water, only the tranquil sea lies alone. There is not yet anything that might exist. All lies placid and silent in the darkness, in the night.
    All alone are the Framer and the Shaper, Sovereign and Quetzal Serpent, They Who Have Borne Children and They Who Have Begotten Sons. Luminous they are in the water, wrapped in quetzal feathers and cotinga feathers. Thus they are called Quetzal Serpent. In their essence, they are great sages, great possessors of knowledge. Thus surely there is the sky. There is also Heart of Sky, which is said to be the name of the god.

THE CREATION OF THE EARTH
    THEN came his word. Heart of Sky arrived here with Sovereign and Quetzal Serpent in the darkness, in the night. He spoke with Sovereign and Quetzal Serpent. They talked together then. They thought and they pondered. They reached an accord, bringing together their words and their thoughts. Then they gave birth, heartening one another. Beneath the light, they gave birth to humanity. Then they arranged for the germination and creation of the trees and the bushes, the germination of all life and creation, in the darkness and in the night, by Heart of Sky, who is called Huracan.
    First is Thunderbolt Huracan, second is Youngest Thunderbolt, and third is Sudden Thunderbolt. These three together are Heart of Sky. Then they came together with Sovereign and Quetzal Serpent. Together they conceived light and life:
    “How shall it be sown? When shall there be a dawn for anyone? Who shall be a provider? Who shall be a sustainer?
    “Then be it so. You are conceived. May the water be taken away, emptied out, so that the plate of the earth may be created—may it be gathered and become level. Then may it be sown; then may dawn the sky and the earth. There can be no worship, no reverence given by what we have framed and what we have shaped, until humanity has been created, until people have been made,” they said.
    Then the earth was created by them. Merely their word brought about the creation of it. In order to create the earth, they said, “Earth,” and immediately it was created. Just like a cloud, like a mist, was the creation and formation of it.
    Then they called forth the mountains from the water. Straightaway the great mountains came to be. It was merely their spirit essence, their miraculous power, that brought about the conception of the mountains and the valleys. Straightaway were created cypress groves and pine forests to cover the face of the earth.
    Thus Quetzal Serpent rejoiced:
    “It is good that you have come, Heart of Sky—you, Huracan, and you as well, Youngest Thunderbolt and Sudden Thunderbolt. That which we have framed and shaped shall turn out well,” they said.
    First the earth was created, the mountains and the valleys. The waterways were divided, their branches coursing among the mountains. Thus the waters were divided, revealing the great mountains. For thus was the creation of the earth, created then by Heart of Sky and Heart of Earth, as they are called. They were the first to conceive it. The sky was set apart. The earth also was set apart within the waters. Thus was conceived the successful completion of the work when they thought and when they pondered.
My favorite part of the Popol Vuh is the part concerning the Hero Twins, a pair of rambunctious semi-juvenile delinquents raised by a single mother.  They loved playing the Maya ballgame, defeated evil deities and eventually destroyed the gods of the underworld and brought on the creation of the Fifth World (our current world) through the resurrection of their dead father (and yes, resurrection tales are actually very widespread among the world's cultures).  Their tales were very popular in Classic Maya art, like the following plate which depicts the resurrection of their father (I actually have a shirt with this exact scene on it):



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